File:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.jpg
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DescriptionHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.jpg |
English: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis integrates and mediates the stress response to early life and later on adversity. The perception of real and/or presumed physical and social threats causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Anxious states arise from activation of the amygdala and magnify the stress response via neuronal projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The hippocampus plays an important role in the assessment of stressors and as a site of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediated negative feedback regulation. Release of the hypothalamic neuropeptides corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) promotes the synthesis and secretion of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), a posttranslational cleavage product of anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA (POMC). ACTH in turn stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands. These hormones circulate throughout the whole body and the brain and bind to intracellular nuclear steroid receptors. Hippocampal mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors act to the onset of the stress response, while GR at the hippocampus, PVN, and anterior pituitary terminates the stress response. The GR further transactivates FKBP51 encoding a chaperon protein which curtails GR activity through a fast intracellular negative feedback loop. |
Date | Published online: 07 August 2013. |
Source | Raabe FJ and Spengler D (2013) Epigenetic risk factors in PTSD and depression. Front. Psychiatry 4:80. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00080 http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00080/full |
Author | Raabe FJ and Spengler D |
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 17:02, 31 October 2015 | 686 × 727 (225 KB) | Was a bee (talk | contribs) | Reverted to version as of 15:07, 31 October 2015 (UTC) | |
17:00, 31 October 2015 | 414 × 409 (116 KB) | Was a bee (talk | contribs) | {{Information |Description={{en|1=Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone.}} |Source=Ross AP, Ben-Zacharia A, Harris C and Smrtka J (2013) Multiple sclerosis, relapses, and the mechan... | ||
15:07, 31 October 2015 | 686 × 727 (225 KB) | Was a bee (talk | contribs) | {{Information |Description={{en|1=The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis integrates and mediates the stress response to early life and later on adversity. The perception of real and/or presumed physical and social threats causes activation of the hypo... |
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Orientation | Normal |
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Horizontal resolution | 500 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 500 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows |
File change date and time | 08:45, 3 August 2013 |
Color space | sRGB |
Unique ID of original document | FD68AA600EF5D7B7727A10C006BF82BD |
Date and time of digitizing | 22:29, 23 July 2013 |
Date metadata was last modified | 14:15, 3 August 2013 |
IIM version | 112 |